How important was the fear of Trotsky becoming leader in explaining Stalin’s victory in the power struggle in the years 1924-1929? Essay

Everybody trusted Trotsky would take administration after Lenin passed on, regardless of whether they didn’t need him to. Nobody figured it would be Stalin. Along these lines, Stalin felt he needed to overcome Trotsky so as to become pioneer. In any case, the dread of Trotsky turning out to be pioneer isn’t the main factor in clarifying Stalin’s triumph in the force battle. Lenin passed on, January 21 1924. This is the point at which the Lenin Legacy started. Stalin willingly volunteered to give a discourse at Stalin’s burial service; he by and by promised to carry on crafted by Lenin. As General Secretary he administered the Lenin Enrolment (extension of the gathering in tribute to Lenin). He distributed a book â€Å"Foundations of Leninism†, a fundamental comprehension of Lenin’s thoughts for the uneducated. Stalin underlined his promise to Lenin by shaming Trotsky and different Bolsheviks by saying they were unfaithful. Stalin utilized the Decree against Factionalism to blame adversaries for unfaithfulness to the memory of Lenin. Stalin utilized the Lenin Legacy for his potential benefit completely through the force battle. In 1924, when The Lenin Enrolment was declared, the gathering expanded from 500,000 to more than 1 million individuals by 1926. The new individuals were youthful, in-experienced and lacking training. This implied Stalin could undoubtedly impact them. Zinoviev and Kamenev both dreaded Trotsky’s power more than Stalin. They collaborated with Stalin, so as to over-toss Trotsky. He was disliked as he was incredibly self-important. In this manner when he missed Lenin’s memorial service because of Stalin revealing to him an inappropriate date, he turned out to be significantly progressively abhorred. In a Marxist manner, Trotsky ventured to the far corners of the planet, educating individuals regarding world insurgency. This implied Stalin could fabricate a decent connection with Russia, convincing everybody he would carry on crafted by Lenin. In December 1924, Stalin talked about â€Å"socialism in one country† Trotsky unequivocally differ and thus he was blamed for Factionalism. In January 1925, the Central Committee expelled Trotsky from the War Commissariat. From 1928 onwards Trotsky carried on with his life in a state of banishment before being killed in 1940. Stalin had aligned with Zinoviev and Kamenev yet after Trotsky’s rout they were worried that Stalin included an excessive amount of intensity inside the Party. Kamenev was crushed, his lost control of the Moscow Party. Anyway Zinoviev retaliated, he clutched the Leningrad Party and assaulted the NEP strategy. They contended that it was entrepreneur and the time had come to present quick industrialisation. Be that as it may, they likewise addressed Socialism in One Country, which implied the assault was additionally against Bukharin. They understood that without a worldwide upset they wouldn’t arrive at Marxism Utopia, as the financial backwardness of the nation would crush the Soviet Union. Thusly, Stalin and Bukharin joined together. By and by, Stalin blamed Zinoviev for Factionalism. Bukharin’s notoriety and Stalin’s control of the agents permitted them to crush Zinoviev. At the fourteenth Party Congress in December 1925, furious agents yelled down the defamation of Stalin and vanquished the program of Zinoviev and Kamenev by 559 votes to 65. 1926, Zinoviev lost control of Leningrad to be supplanted as Chair of the Comintern by Bukharin. Following this, Zinoviev and Kamenev attempted to shape a union with Trotsky (he had took a stand in opposition to the NEP strategy in 1924) yet there was little trust between them. In 1926, they discharged duplicates of Lenin’s Political Testament however it didn’t work, they were viewed as Factionalists. They were expelled from The Central Committee and mystery police were utilized to stop the Political Testament being distributed. They were sent to banish. Stalin had vanquished the Left wing of the politburos; he presently wanted to assault the Right wing. By 1926, the Soviet Union was adequately governed by Stalin and Bukharin. Stalin considered the To be as a trade off with the lower class. Unexpectedly, he presently concurred with the United Opposition’s arrangements to present quick industrialisation. He betrayed Bukharin, Rykov, and Tomsky. In November 1929 Bukharin lost his situation in the politburo. Stalin utilized his forces as General Secretary to cleanse the trades’ initiative in this manner Tomsky losing his post on the Central Council of Trades Union and his place in the politburo in 1930. 21 December 1929, Stalin’s 50th birthday celebration, Pravda call him â€Å"the Lenin of today†, Stalin had at long last won the force battle. When taking a gander at all of the elements for why Stalin won the force battle, the dread of Trotsky coming into power appears to be a little impact. In any case, it was the distinction in characters and various perspectives for the province that launched the force battle. Trotsky didn't battle for power; he basically battled for what he thought was correct. Despite the fact that he was an ex-Menshevik, he held nearest to the hypothesis of Marxism. For instance, when he lost his job of The War Commissariat he didn’t retaliate. He never accepted he would be in control since he was Jewish. While it was significant, I don't accept the dread of Trotsky to be the essential segment in Stalin winning the force battle. He was a pernicious animal that would go to the boundaries to get what he needed. His political virtuoso was substantially more imperative. Without it I don’t figure he would have where he did. He was crafty in the way that he had the option to crush the collections of the politburo as well as, utilize their aptitudes for his potential benefit and afterward betray them. Just as this, being General Secretary was a major bit of leeway, it permitted him to stay quiet about the Political Testament. The Lenin Legacy was additionally critical. At the point when he extended the Bolshevik party, I accept he programmed a large number of the new individuals. He utilized their absence of instruction against them.

Environmental Impacts of Batteries

Natural Impacts of Batteries Presentation: In this report we intend to research, look at and break down the various kinds, makers and ecological effects of batteries in order to decide if there is one battery that is better than the rest and provided that this is true, how it is unrivaled. So as to do this, be that as it may, we should initially see progressively about batteries. Accordingly, we will initially examine how a battery functions, just as essential and optional cells and energize and release cycles. Research should likewise be done into the various makes of batteries inside South Africa. When we have a more full comprehension of the nuts and bolts, we will have the option to investigate in more detail the qualities of various sorts of batteries, for this situation concentrating on the most mainstream ones. We will likewise investigate how these batteries sway the earth whether it is in a positive or negative manner and how we can appropriately discard these batteries in order to diminish any mischief they may perp etrate, both on nature and mankind. What is a Battery? A battery comprises of a various number of electrochemical cells connected together, which changes over compound vitality to electrical vitality by methods for self-continuing unconstrained cathode responses so as to deliver an electrical flow when associated with a shut circuit. Each electrochemical cell involves two half cells which contain a terminal and an electrolyte. The two half cells are associated by a salt extension so as to make ionic contact for the two electrolytes for the free development of particles and to keep the electrolytes from blending on account of two unique arrangements being utilized, which would cause undesirable side responses. A case of a salt extension would be a portion of channel paper which has been absorbed an answer of potassium nitrate. Different methods for partition of electrolytes incorporate the utilization of gel arrangements and permeable pots. In most of current, business batteries, an alternate electrolyte is utilized in every half cell, and to forestall blending, a permeable separator is utilized which just permits the going through of particles. The electrolyte of the two half cells is an answer which is fit for conduction of power because of the nearness of free contrarily and emphatically charged particles. In one of the half cells, decidedly charged particles (cations) are pulled in to the cathode (positive terminal); while in the other half cell, adversely charged particles (anions) are pulled in to the anode (negative anode). In the redox responses which cause the transformation from compound vitality to electrical vitality, oxidation (loss of electrons) happens at the anode to the contrarily charged electrons; and decrease (addition of electrons) happens at the cathode to the decidedly charged electrons. Representation of a Redox response The electrochemical cell delivers an electromotive power (emf) and is the distinction in voltage between the two anodes. For instance, if the one anodes voltage is 3V and different terminals voltage is 1V, the net emf of the cell is 2V. Essential and Secondary Cells: Batteries are characterized into two fundamental gatherings: Essential batteries irreversibly convert synthetic vitality to electrical vitality (when the underlying gracefully of reactants has been spent, the electrochemical response can't be switched by actuating an electrical flow and accordingly the vitality can't be reestablished to the cell). Optional batteries can be revived by turning around the electrochemical response by inciting an electrical flow. Essential Cell: An essential cell is any kind of battery of which the substance responses are irreversible the synthetic reactants can't be reestablished and along these lines an essential cell must be disposed of once it is exhausted. Essential batteries come into utilization for when extensive stretches of time away are required as an essential batteries are developed to have lower self-release rates than optional batteries, so the entirety of the limit is accessible when deprived for valuable purposes. Gadgets that require a modest quantity of current for a significant stretch of time additionally utilize essential batteries as oneself release current of optional batteries would surpass the heap present and chop down help time to a couple of days or weeks (eg, a light should work when required, regardless of whether it has been on a rack for an impressively extensive stretch of time. Essential cells are likewise more cost-effective in such a case, since auxiliary batteries would utilize just a little level of accessible revive cycles. Hold batteries are fit for accomplishing a long stockpiling time (ten years or more) without the loss of limit, by genuinely isolating the segments of the battery and just collecting them again now and again of utilization. Nonetheless, such batteries are costly. When being used, essential batteries become energized (hydrogen develops at the cathode and thus decreases the adequacy of the battery. So as to expel the hydrogen, a depolarizer is utilized. Depolarizers can be mechanical, compound, or electrochemical. Albeit past endeavors have been made to make self-depolarizing cells by roughening the surface region of the copper plate to urge the hydrogen air pockets to withdraw, they have had a huge disappointment rate. Instances of essential cells: Antacid cell Aluminum cell Lithium cell Mercury cell Zinc-carbon cell Auxiliary batteries: An optional battery is cell of which the concoction responses can be switched and along these lines vitality can be reestablished to the cell. This is finished by interfacing the cell to an electrical flow. The power starts non-unconstrained redox responses so as to reestablish the synthetic reactants. Optional cells, when bought, couldn't be utilized promptly and would need to be revived before use. Albeit today, most auxiliary cells are made with lower self-release rates, permitting the buyer to utilize the battery promptly as the battery as of now holds about 70% of the expressed limit. The vitality utilized in charging optional batteries predominantly originates from AC current utilizing a connector unit. Numerous battery chargers take a few hours to revive a battery. Most batteries are equipped for being energized in an a lot littler measure of time than what generally business, straightforward battery chargers are able to do. Albeit a couple of organizations are creating chargers that can energize AA and AAA size NiMH batteries in only 15 minutes, high paces of charging (15 minutes to 60 minutes) will cause long haul harm to NiMH and most other battery-powered batteries. Optional batteries are vulnerable to harm by methods for turn around charging in the event that they are completely released. Additionally, endeavoring to revive essential batteries has a little possibility of causing a blast of the battery. Stream batteries, which are not generally utilized by buyers, are revived by supplanting the electrolyte fluid of the cell(s). The specialized notes of battery organizations regularly allude to VPC. VPC implies volts per cell, and alludes to the individual auxiliary cells making up the battery (eg, to charge a 12V battery which contains six cells of 2V each at 2.3 VPC, needs a voltage of 13.8V over the terminals of the battery). Most NiMH AA and AAA batteries rate their cells at 1.2V. In any case, this is definitely not a moderately huge issue in many gadgets as soluble batteries voltage drops as the vitality is used. Most gadgets are developed to keep on working at a decreased voltage somewhere in the range of 0.9V and 1.1V. Modern auxiliary cells are utilized in framework vitality stockpiling applications for load leveling, where electrical vitality is put away and is utilized for the term of pinnacle load periods, just as for sustainable power source purposes, for example, the capacity of electrical vitality which has been produced from photovoltaic clusters (sunlight based boards) during the day to be utilized at night. By reviving cells or batteries during periods when interest for power is low and afterward restoring the vitality to the framework (or network) during periods when the interest for power is high, load-leveling helps to take out requirements for amazingly costly force plants and furthermore facilitates the expense of generators over a more prominent time of activity. Release and Recharge Cycles in Batteries: Revive and release cycles The reason for a cell is to store vitality and discharge it at the given time in a contained way; be that as it may, just optional cells can be revived. The electrochemical response that happens in the liquid electrolyte of a wet (optional) cell is reversible, not normal for dry or essential cells; this permits the charge to be reestablished. The three most well known sorts of battery-powered batteries that are discovered today are nickel-based (NiCd NiMH), lithium-particle and toxic cells. C-rate C-rate is the estimation of the charge and release current of a cell. Practically all transportable cells are appraised at 1 Coulomb (1C). This implies a 1000mAh battery, whenever released at 1C, would give 1000mA for 60 minutes. The equivalent applies if the release was divided (0.5C) this would give a large portion of the measure of current (500mA) for double the span (2 hours). A 1C cell is alluded to as an hour release, the most widely recognized convenient cell we have is the 20-hour Lead-based release cells (0.05C) found in vehicles. Lead-Acid Cells The C-pace of a lead-corrosive cell isn't set to a steady like different cells, as accomplishing 100% capacitance at any release rate is troublesome. The counterbalance is done so as to make up for the fluctuating estimations at the contrasting flows; consequently changing the limit of the cell is released at a higher/lower C-rate than initially suspected. Convenient toxic cells are appraised at 0.05C allowed a 20-hour release. The balance is spoken to in Peukerts law. Peukerts law: speaks to the capacitance of a lead-corrosive cell as far as C-rate. As the pace of release builds, the batterys accessible limit diminishes and the other way around. Quick and moderate releasing/energizing of a lead-corrosive cell Toward the start of when a lead-corrosive cell is charged or released, the synthetic substances present in the corrosive electrolyte at

Impulsive Behaviors and Borderline Personality Disorder

Impulsive Behaviors and Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Print Impulsive Behaviors and Borderline Personality Disorder By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by a board-certified physician Updated on December 08, 2019  Westend61/Getty Images   More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Understanding Impulsivity Examples Causes Diagnosis Treatment View All Back To Top If you have borderline personality disorder (BPD), you may find yourself struggling to manage impulsive behaviors. From making hasty decisions to getting into fights, impulsivity can cause harm to yourself and those around you. In addition to undermining relationships and your overall sense of well-being, impulsive behaviors can also lead to financial and legal harm if left unchecked. Fortunately, there are treatments that can help bring impulsivity under control, including psychotherapy, mindfulness training. and pharmaceutical drugs. Understanding Impulsivity According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders  (DSM-5), impulsive behaviors are a hallmark of BPD. Impulsivity is broadly defined as actions without foresight that are poorly conceived, prematurely expressed, unnecessarily risky, and inappropriate to the situation. Impulsivity is associated with undesirable, rather than desirable, outcomes.?? People who are impulsive are commonly described as being rash, hot-headed, unpredictable, or unstable. It is, in fact, the instability that best characterizes BPD as a disorder. People with BPD typically suffer from feelings of inadequacy that manifest with unstable emotions, unstable behaviors, and unstable relationships. They are quick to lash out at anything considered a slight and will often fail to recognize how those emotions are unreasonable or excessive. In psychological terms, impulsive behaviors are inherently inappropriate either in terms of scale or potential risk. A person with BPD is less likely to take into account potential consequences  and will often turn to self-harm behaviors (like binge eating or excessive drinking) as a means to cope. However, impulsive behaviors are not, in and of themselves, diagnostic of BPD. It only when the behavior is pervasive, detrimental, and interferes with a persons ability to function normally that BPD may be considered.?? ?Impulsivity should not be confused with a compulsion, in which a person recognizes the behavior is abnormal but cannot stop it. With impulsivity, the person will act out without inherently recognizing that the behavior is abnormal. Examples There are many different types of behavior that can become impulsive with BPD; each situation is different. There are, however, themes and scenarios that are common among people with BPD: Oversharing of emotionsOverspendingOver-apologizingQuitting a job suddenlyFrequent emotional outburstsMeaningless or risky sexJoining and quitting a lot of groupsJumping to conclusionsClearing out belongings to start anewConstantly turning over a new leafAbruptly changing or canceling plansInability to receive criticism without affrontBinge eating or drinkingThreatening to harm othersSelf-harmSelf-mutilationDestroying propertyEscalating confrontationsPhysical violence Causes No one can say for sure what causes BPD and, more specifically, what causes impulsivity in BPD. There is some evidence that BPD is triggered by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), particularly if the trauma occurred in childhood.?? Studies into behaviors in twins have suggested that genetics may play a larger role in BPD than imagined. It is believed that a genetic error on chromosome 9 may be linked to features of BPD, including the partial inheritability of impulsive aggression.?? Mutations like these may alter the otherwise normal production of serotonin and dopamine, the neurotransmitters associated with mood and cognition. In people with BPD, impulsivity may also be closely tied to dopamine receptors on the brain itself, according to research from Vanderbilt University.?? If these receptors are impaired, particularly on the frontal lobe of the brain where logical decisions are made, a person may have less capacity to think things through before acting. The same faulty receptors may explain why people with BPD often have feelings of emptiness and self-loathing characteristic of depression. Without the means to effectively receive and transmit the dopamine signals, a person is less able to achieve self-control or sustain a sense of emotional well-being.?? It is this combination of environmental, genetic, and physiological factors that likely create the perfect storm for the development of BPD and BPD-associated impulsivity. Diagnosis No single test can confirm whether your impulsive behavior is the result of BPD or some other condition. If BPD is suspected, a doctor will perform a psychological exam to determine whether the body of symptoms are consistent with BPD as outlined in the DSM-5. To this end, a person must meet the two major diagnostic criteria for the disorder: An impairment of personality functioning, either in terms  of poor self-image and self-criticism or instability of goals, aspirations, values, or career plansAn impairment of interpersonal functioning, either in terms of a lack of empathy (due to negative attitudes and hypersensitivity) or the inability to sustain intimacy (due to mistrust, neediness, or the fear of abandonment) Both criteria must be met to be diagnosed with BPD. It is a complicated process requiring clinical expertise and one that is prone to misdiagnosis. To avoid this, all other possible causes must be explored and excluded, both psychological and physical.?? Borderline Personality Disorder Misdiagnoses Differential Diagnoses Impulsive behaviors are not exclusive to BPD. They are also associated with bipolar mania, often in tandem with grandiosity and a flight of ideas. During an acute manic episode, a person will often act impulsivity with little thought of the consequence. Spending sprees and hypersexual behaviors are two common examples of impulsivity related to bipolar disorder (BD).?? Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) can also manifest with impulsiveness. Known as hyperactive-impulsive ADHD, the behavior is spurred by the childs inability to keep still or control inappropriate behavior. It is this lack of control, combined with a constantly shifting focus of interest, that spurs impulsivity.?? A similar thing occurs with substance abuse disorders, although the impulsiveness is typically exhibited under the influence of drugs, when craving drugs, or when actively seeking drugs.?? Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is closely aligned with BPD but differs in that there is a pervasive and persistent disregard for morals, social norms, and the rights and feelings of others. With borderline personality disorder, a person will have extreme emotions that they find hard to control. With antisocial personality disorder, there will be a marked lack of emotions. Physical causes of impulsivity may include an acquired brain injury or a neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimers disease or Huntingtons disease. Treatment While impulsive behaviors can be severe and pervasive, these symptoms can often be successfully managed with treatment. Many treatments for BPD have components that specifically target impulsivity. Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) focuses on building skills that reduce your impulsive behaviors and increase your ability to think and reflect before acting. By using coping mechanisms to handle intense emotions, a person with BPD is better equipped to face situations without confrontation.?? Mindfulness, a skill taught in DBT, encourages you to stay in the moment. This can help you to remain more aware of your actions so you take the  time to consider consequences. Practicing this technique can help you to take the time needed to reflect on your options, empowering you to make more rational decisions about how to respond to events around you. Mindfulness meditation is a modality often used to support the training.?? Medications  like a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sometimes combined with a low dose of an antipsychotic may also help. This is especially true if your behavior is extreme and poses a risk to your safety or those around you.?? There are a number of drugs that specifically treat impulsive behaviors. Among the  atypical antipsychotics, Abilify (aripiprazole)  is seen to reduce interpersonal problems and impulsivity. Among the mood stabilizers, Lamictal (lamotrigine)  may help reduce impulsivity and anger, while Topamax (topiramate) may ameliorate impulsivity, anger, and anxiety.?? Medications are most effective when used in conjunction with psychotherapy  with a therapist who specializes in BPD.

Pros and Cons of MRP II Systems

What is standing behind the MRP II systems? The question is about the manufacturing resource planning. The issue comprises special software for various segments of manufacturing companies, including material requirements planning, purchasing, capacity planning, inventory, shop floor scheduling, accounting and customer order entry. The MRP II systems are known to have both – advantages and disadvantages. As for the â€Å"pluses†, one may point to the automation and standardization of business processes leading to enhancement in cost control as well as revenue. When the question is about disadvantages, the issues are related to the misunderstanding of the limitations and impact of MRP II Systems. Advantages The MRP II is a useful tool, the main function of which is to standardize all the business processes through providing automated methods for various business segments. Standardization leads to the processes that are easily repeated as well as a platform that gives an opportunity to improve all those processes. The point is that the organization that successfully implements MRP II for the first time faces with a range of troubles regarding controlling the process of controlling the increase in transactions in purchasing, manufacturing and selling associated with growth. Besides, the MRP II systems provide the employees with an opportunity to do more and, as a result, to have a clearer visibility of information for their businesses. All the advancements in the way all the work is performed enable the company to become more competitive. Disadvantages When it comes to the disadvantages of the MRP II, one should mention the fact that the implementation of the MRP II systems requires information to be accurate. In case poor quantity info is applied either in the bill of material module or the inventory segment, this will result in automated planning processes errors. The planning modules use averages for length of particular time to manufacture (lead times) or purchase and for quantities that are usually purchased regarding the purchase order or manufactured on a work order (usually known as â€Å"lot sizes†.) In case there is variability regarding the actual lot sizes produced or bought and the lead times then the planning software won’t generate plans that go with what is actually happening. The whole point is that the lack of understanding and poor information on the lot sizes and lead times average impact can cause costly reimplementation and implementation failure. When the question is about the implementation of the MRP II systems, one should take into consideration the sequence of implementation of the MRP II systems software modules and the organization tolerance for the business processes adopting changes. As a rule, the MRP II systems are implemented in various phases allowing for a period of proving the system will function before proceeding further. The components of the first phase can be the following: purchasing, inventory and accounting. Among the other phases one can mention customer order entry, material requirements planning and shop floor control. One must remember that every module requests information and data that may be created within the system for the first time, what means it is highly important to take care of in what way information is defined and stored up to date.

Annotated Bibliography On Import Java - 719 Words

import java.io.*; import java.util.*; import java.net.*; public class FTPClient { public Socket sock = null; public BufferedReader read; public BufferedWriter write; public ServerSocket ss; public int byteTransfered; public Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); // Check client connect to server public boolean connected = false; public boolean exit = false; String response = null; // run the main code here public static void main(String args[]) { FTPClient c= new FTPClient(); while (!c.exit) { try { if (c.connected) { System.out.print(myftp ); } else { System.out.print(Enter Server Name: ); } String text; text = c.input.nextLine(); if(text.equals(quit)) { c.quit(); return; } else if(text.equals(ls)) { c.ls(); } else { String splitString[] = text.split( , 2); String fString = splitString[0]; String sString = splitString[1]; if (fString.equals(myftp)) { c.login(sString); } else if (fString.equals(get)) { c.get(sString); } else if (fString.equals(put)) { c.put(sString); } else if (fString.equals(delete)) { c.delete(sString); } } } catch (Exception e) { System.out.println(Please use only put, get, ls, delete, and quit. ); } } } // send commands to the server private StringShow MoreRelatedAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java1518 Words   |  7 Pagesimport java.io.*; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Scanner; public class Processor { // Register variables static int IR, AC, X, Y, timer; static int PC = 0; static int SP = 1000; static int instructionCount = 0; static int userStack = 1000; static int systemStack = 2000; // turns to false on interrupts static boolean userMode = true; // avoid nested interrupt execution static boolean interrupt = false; public static void main(String args[]) { String file = null; //Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java1531 Words   |  7 Pagesimport java.util.Scanner; import java.util.Random; public class PigDiceGameTwoVariation { public static void main(String[] args) { // TODO Auto-generated method stub String input; Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in); Random rand = new Random(); /********************************************************** * Program : Pig Dice Game Assignment * Author : Brandee Combden * Due Date : Wednesday, September 21st, 2016. * Description : Basic Two-Dice Pig, two playersRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java726 Words   |  3 Pages /*package adsa;*/ /** * * @author GOPIKRISHN */ import java.util.HashSet; import java.util.Iterator; import java.util.Random; import java.util.Set; import java.util.InputMismatchException; public class AdjListGraph { private int distances[]; private int nodes; public static final int MAX_VALUE = 999; private SetInteger visited; private SetInteger unvisited; private int adjacencyMatrix[][]; public AdjListGraph(int nodes) //Constructor { Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java735 Words   |  3 Pagesimport java.awt.*; import java.io.FileNotFoundException; import java.io.File; import java.util.Scanner; public class DrawMaze { public static final Color WALL_COLOR = Color.RED; public static final Color START_COLOR = Color.BLUE; public static final Color PATH_COLOR = Color.BLACK; public static final Color END_COLOR = Color.ORANGE; public static final Color BACKGROUND = new Color(0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f); // Width of border in pixels public static int borderwidth = 40; //Read MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Import Java708 Words   |  3 Pages// to play, just run the program import java.applet.Applet; import java.applet.AudioClip; import java.net.MalformedURLException; import java.net.URL; import java.util.Scanner; import javax.sound.sampled.AudioInputStream; import javax.sound.sampled.AudioSystem; import javax.sound.sampled.Clip; public class TTT { public static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in); public static void reset(char[][] board) { for (int i = 0; i board.length; i++) for (int j = 0; j board[0].length;Read MoreBanana Used as Fertilizer11002 Words   |  45 Pagesreview on banana diseases in 1935 has resulted in a really useful chapter, whereas any attempt to cover a wider range in forty pages must have led to a treatment too superficial to be worth while. For the pests, on which no monograph exists, an annotated list is given of 182 species and five are selected for fuller treatment. In the last chapter the author returns to his special field and gives a concise but adequate summary of the aims, methods and results of banana breeding from its inception in

Forensic Psych Free Essays

Forensic Psychology Psychology involves the scientific study of mental functions and behaviors of the human body. It can be looked as being broken down into two categories, basic psychology and applied psychology. Basic psychology is the use of theories and fundamentals to explain how attitudes, personalities, values, and behaviors are related while applied psychology is the use of these psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in real life situations. We will write a custom essay sample on Forensic Psych or any similar topic only for you Order Now Some of the basic psychology studies include abnormal, cognitive, developmental, and social psychology. Applied psychology applies these studies in things like clinical, forensic, health, and educational psychology. I chose to explore the study of an applied type of psych, forensic psychology. Forensic psychology is the application of the science and profession of psychology to questions issues relating to law and the legal system. The word ‘forensic’ comes from the Latin word ‘forensis,’ meaning ‘of the forum,’ where the law courts of ancient Rome were held. Not only does forensic psychology require understanding of the different psychological studies but also an understanding of the law and how it works. Looking at legal issues from a psychological standpoint combines psychology and the law. This form of psychology is used frequently in the legal system. Legal systems make use of forensic psychologists and their practice in evaluations of the mental status of defendants before, during and after trial proceedings. Most may think forensic psychology is only used in criminal matters but forensic psychologist may also assist in a wide variety of civil matters. Civil matters can include lawsuits or insurance claims where emotional affliction is a part of the claim. Determination of competency of an aged or ill person to make decisions, or whether a death was an accident or a â€Å"disguised suicide† in an insurance claim case are both examples of how forensic psychology can help aid certain legal cases. The idea of forensic psychology first came about in the late 1800’s. But it wasn’t until the 1900’s when a German psychologist by the name of Hugo Munsterberg claimed that psychology should be applied to the law. Even though this is a couple hundred years from today, it wasn’t until 2001 that the American Psychological Association recognized forensic psychology as a specialization under the study of psychology. In 1906, a defense attorney asked Hugo to review his convicted client’s investigation and trial records. This promoted his 1908 book â€Å"On the Witness Stand†. It detailed how psychological factors can influence the outcome of a trial. In the book, he discussed problems with eyewitness testimony, false confessions, and interrogations. Munsterberg points out that for various reasons why eye witness testimony is essentially unreliable, he describes how eye witness testimony is naturally susceptible to what he calls â€Å"illusions† where a subjects perceptions could be affected causing an inaccurate testimony. In the portion of the book that he calls â€Å"The Detection of Crime†, he discusses the many factors that can influence testimonies, gain confessions, and force confessions from those who are innocent. He explains some of the ways that police have of making suspects confess to crimes that they had not committed, some of these including making their life as uncomfortable as possible while in holding to be able to break down their energy, and â€Å"worst of all giving brutal shocks given with fiendish cruelty to the terrified imagination of the suspect. Later, in 1917 one of Munsterberg’s students, William Marston, discovered that systolic blood pressure and lying were directly correlated. This discovery helped lead the creation of the modern polygraph detector Forensic psychology was largely stagnant until the 1940s and 1950s, when psychologists began regularly testifying in courts as experts on a range of psychological topics. They became able to conduct evaluations t o help the court with mental statuses, the sanity of defendants, and legal competence. One of the first uses of forensic psychology in the court was in the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education (1954) that ended legal segregation in public schools. Psychologists showed that segregation had a negative effect on the self-esteem of young children and the court believed this was a persuasive argument. This proved that psychologists were an extremely useful form of testimony for both the plaintiffs and defendants. Another example of the importance of forensic psychologists came around in 1962 when psychologists serving as mental illness professionals were strongly supported by the court in the case Jenkins v. United States. Here the court ruled in support to psychologists being used as expert witnesses when mental illnesses are concerned. Following this example many other courts, both federal and local, began to accept the use of psychologists and psychological assessments more willingly. Psychological assessment refers to scientific methods used by psychologists for the purpose of understanding and explaining an individual’s, couple’s or family’s psychological functioning. Psychological assessments help to define and understand personality, behavior, emoti ons, intelligence, and how they come together. Such assessments help to answer diagnostic questions, to specify a person’s strengths, weaknesses and personality structure, and to explain and to predict behavior. Assessments that are used in the forensic setting are a leading activity for those whom are involved. Forensic psychological assessments are an in-depth process utilizing extensive interviewing, and standardized psychological tests, which produce reliable, valid and reproducible results. To be all-inclusive, an assessment needs to examine a range of psychological factors, such as cognitive and personality functioning, developmental history, and interpersonal relationships. These factors can be further broken down into emotional, cognitive, intellectual, developmental, executive, educational, social, neuropsychological, and physiological functioning. Information obtained from standardized psychological assessment has a normative, statistical scientific basis, as it compares the individual against data collected in samples of normal and clinically disordered individuals. It allows the evaluator to determine how similar or dissimilar this person is to people in these samples. While individuals may attempt to â€Å"look good† or â€Å"look bad† in interviews, depending on the case at hand, most test instruments contain multiple validity scales on which to evaluate the extent to which the individual is providing honest, candid, defensive, socially desirable, or exaggerated depictions of their psychological health or symptoms. An overall aim of forensic psychological assessment is to provide the basis for concluding both previous and active factors that can help to explain specific actions, and to make recommendations applicable to the legal issues at hand. The court appoints a psychologist to determine a range of things including mental state, diminished capacity, and competency. When it comes to mental state, a determination is made as to whether there is substantial evidence that the patient suffers a mental disorder. Emotions are not considered a mental disorder. The psychologist needs to consider psychological influences at the scene of the alleged crime. Depending on the outcome of the examination, the psychologist may testify in court how the impaired mental abilities â€Å"actually caused a malformation of the mental element of the crime. The psychologist does not have to be certain that the defendant’s disorder caused him or her to be unable to form the intent or knowledge or the crime, but the expert must have some belief in the â€Å"probability or possibility† that it did. Experts need to testify with reasonable medical or psychological certainty. Three main areas of defense related to mental health include di minished capacity, competency, or mitigating (justifying) circumstances. A diminished capacity assessment focuses on whether or not a person was able to comprehend the alleged crime being committed. The psychologist assessed whether the individual, in his/her opinion, was organized, purposeful, and goal oriented. The main question is, whether the defendant’s behavior was affected by a mental disorder of mood or thought, by alcohol and or drug intoxication or an irresistible impulse induced by a mental disease affecting the person so that the person is unable to resist the impulse to commit the act that he or she has been charged with. A competency evaluation assesses whether a person has the mental facility or ability to understand the legal proceedings against them. Also, the evaluation focuses on determining whether they are able to assist their attorney in their own defense. Mitigating circumstances are sometimes considered regarding the defendant’s capacity to â€Å"appreciate the wrongfulness of their conduct or to conform his conduct to the requirements of the law. † Whether a person is charged with a misdemeanor or a felony, their mental state or mental illness is an issue to consider before conviction or before sentencing. The attorney representing the accused person may request a psychological evaluation or sometimes an evaluation is court ordered. Psychological expert witness testimony may also be used in a personal injury case when the plaintiff makes a case that they suffered undue  mental or emotional  pain and suffering. In family law cases, the parties may be evaluated with regard to the best interests of the child or children, and a custody and parenting-time recommendation is made. An in-depth evaluation of the parties, an assessment of their parenting and relationships with their children, and an assessment of their children’s status and developmental needs is devised in terms of the children’s best interests and a parenting and custody plan which best meets the children eeds. The following is a list of most widely known and commonly utilized psychological tests in forensic contexts: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) – The most recent of the adult Wechsler tests is a general test of intelligence, IQ (general measure of intellectual ability). There are 15 subtests that make up the WAIS-IV; at least 10 must be administered to derive an IQ score. In addition to providing an IQ, scores are derived on the following groups of the WAIS-IV subtests:   Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed. For adolescents and children, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition is used. Rorschach Ink Blot Method – This is a performance-based test instrument. The examinee is presented with the Rorschach inkblots and asked, â€Å"What do you see? † Score results provide insight into the individual’s basic psychological processes such as thinking, impulse control, stress tolerance, reality testing, imagination, and interpersonal relationships. Compared to self-report measures, the Rorschach is not nearly as vulnerable to impression-management or attempts to exaggerate problems. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) –  A self-report personality inventory, and is the most commonly used test in forensic psychological assessment. The MMPI-2 provides information along multiple scopes including clinical syndromes, personality characteristics, psychosocial stressors and severity of disturbance. Scoring provides a number of validity scales. There are 10 primary clinical scales and a multitude of content and symptom scales. Psychology is a growing field and will continued to be used in the legal content. It is an essential part of cases when dealing with the mentally ill and it aids in providing proper conviction, sentencing and rehabilitation. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Kitaeff, J. (2010). Forensic psychology. Pearson College Div. [ 2 ]. Fulero, S. M. , Wrightsman, L. S. (2010). Forensic psychology. (3rd ed. ). New York, NY: Wadsworth Pub Co. 3 ]. Munsterberg, H. (1909). On the witness stand: Essays on psychology and crime. New York: Doubleday, Page (74). [ 4 ]. Costanzo, M. , Krauss, D. (2011). Forensic and legal psychology. New York, NY: Worth Pub. [ 5 ]. Heilbrun, K. (2001). Principles of forensic mental health assessment. Springer. [ 6 ]. Wrightsman, L. (2001). Forensic psychology. Australia Belmont, Calif: Wadswor th Thomson Learning. [ 7 ]. Rosenfeld, Barry, Steven Penrod, and Barry Rosenfeld. Research Methods in Forensic Psychology. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2011 How to cite Forensic Psych, Papers

The Economic Impact of the Icelandic Volcano Eruptions on the International Economy

Introduction It is impossible to imagine a natural catastrophe which does not influence the international economy. Paying attention to the Icelandic volcano eruptions and especially the most recent one which took place on April 14, 2010, it is possible to say that Eyjafjallajokull volcano has affected the international economy greatly.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Economic Impact of the Icelandic Volcano Eruptions on the International Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, it is impossible to say that the impact was positive. The whole international economy suffered greatly. The ash plume rose over several kilometers into the sky which could not be left invisible for the national and international economies. It is obvious that the first problem which seems to be crucial is the environmental one. So much ash in the air and other consequences of the eruption harm the nature greatly. Still, the economic impact may not be compared with the environmental one as the environment of one country was affected and the changes the eruption caused are reversible. But, the whole world suffered from the disaster which has happened on one island. Dwelling upon the international influence of the Icelandic volcano eruptions, it is necessary to state that not only the nearest countries like UK, France, Germany, and other northern European countries suffered from the disaster, but such remote ones like Japan and some other countries in Africa appeared under the influence. Thus, it may be easily stated the economic impact of the Icelandic volcano eruptions on the international economy was great, especially in the airline sector and other types of transportation, tourism, import and export, and business. At the same time, referencing to the problems which have appeared, it may be predicted that there are some specific facilities for solving those. The Influence of Icelandic Volcano Erupt ions on the Airlines It is natural that the appearance of much amount of ash in the air prevents airplanes from flying. This problem seems to be not so urgent if to consider it from the side of some tourists who had to stay on the island for several days more, but, being the international problem it is necessary to consider the far-reaching impact which is negative. Now, it is possible to calculate the costs and state that the global gross domestic product reduced on about US$4.7 billion for the first week. The global aviation has lost about US$2.6 billion along with the net aviation sector which was impacted by US$2.2 billion lost. Due to the flight restrictions, the international trade loses even impossible to calculate. Because of the airspace shutdown, about 5,000 flights were cancelled, which led to US$5.0 billion total cost of the GDP through May 2010 (The Economic Impacts of Air Travel Restrictions Due to Volcanic Ash, 2010). All this information is taken for the first week a fter the disaster.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Considering the operating daily flights while the disaster, it may be easily stated that 27,000 flights were recorded on 14 April and on 17 April this number reduced up to 5,000 in the European space. The cancellation of flights impacted not only 7 million passengers, but also disrupted supply routes in the whole world. Passengers had to spend additional money on hotel rooms, taxis, food, as well as shopping and entertainment. According to the Oxford economics report, â€Å"Nearly all inter-regional travel involving Europe was affected by the crisis and, as a result, every region of the world felt the impact of lost visitors with a potential loss (over and above aviation sector losses) of US$4.2 billion in visitor spending† (The Economic Impacts of Air Travel Restrictions Due to Volcanic Ash, 2010, p. 5). Conside ring the far-reaching effects of the disaster, it is impossible to omit the following information. Those people who were far from their homes and wanted to go there had to use other options for traveling (sea, train, cars) or had to stay in the foreign country till the services start working again. The would-be travelers had either to cancel the trip or to delay it. The airlines suffered from great costs due to the fact that the customers declined their booking. The European costs were about US$2.8 billion because of the loss of the predicted arrivals (The Economic Impacts of Air Travel Restrictions Due to Volcanic Ash, 2010). The counties outside the Europe suffered as well. The USA is the country which was impacted greatly. Its aviation has lost about US$336 million in revenue. Middle East and Africa managed to lose US$253 million in the air transportation sector. In spite of the fact that Asia was considered to be the region where the impact on travelers in numerical form was few est, the aviation lost US$216 million. Moreover, â€Å"global effects of the disruption on GDP were the smallest in Asia at US$517 million, equivalent to around 0.16% of the region’s GDP for the week† (The Economic Impacts of Air Travel Restrictions Due to Volcanic Ash, 2010, p. 8). The impact on passengers was great. Many people could not get home when they planned, that is why many people were left in stranded position not only for the time when the air space was closed but for much longer period. Even though there were so many problems the airline sector had to suffer from because of the Icelandic volcano eruptions and its negative impact on GDP, there were some ways which might reduce that harmful effect.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Economic Impact of the Icelandic Volcano Eruptions on the International Economy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, those employees who used to work at home could continue performing their responsibilities from another country, some workers could be substituted for some period of time, others could catch-up the work later, and there could be people who could use the time stranded as the holiday (The Economic Impacts of Air Travel Restrictions Due to Volcanic Ash, 2010). So, it may be completed that even though the shutdown of the European airspace negatively affected the economics of the whole world and GDP level of the countries, there were the ways for solving the problem or at least to reduce the harmful effect caused by the Icelandic volcano eruptions. The Influence of Icelandic Volcano Eruptions on Other Means of Transport The types of transport different from airplanes benefited from the situation. The main reason for such situation is that people tried to look for alternative types of transportation to reach their homes. Trains, ferry, rented cars, sea are the main types of transport people used to reach the place w here they could reach their homes with. It may be said that train and ferry services increased at least twice while the period of time when airspace was closed. It is obvious that airline services are considered to be the fastest and the most convenient means of transport in the relation to others. Still, when the problem appeared and ash resulted from eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano and European airspace was shutdown, people remembered about alternative means of transportation and used those to reach their homes or other places of destination. The most beneficial industries in the situation were railways and car rentals. It is obvious that if people could use other means for reaching their homes, they did all possible to do that. Thus, Eurostar reported that it managed to carry 50,000 extra passengers the next day after the volcano eruption. The increase of the passengers who used the services of the company increased on 33% on 17 April. PO Ferries of France stated that al l places were booked and that they had to employ additional staff temporary to cope with the telephone calls and booking services (Mazzocchi, Hansstein Ragona, 2010, p. 92). At the same time, it is possible to conclude that the alternative means of transport were considered as effective only when small distances and products of long expire date were meant. Otherwise, when the freight should be delivered within a short period of time due to some specific terms and conditions of storage, it is obvious that sea and railway were not the appropriate means of transport that should be considered.Advertising Looking for term paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even though many sources state that alternative types of transport benefited from the whole situation and helped people reach the places of their destination as well as the export and import deliveries, it is impossible to state that this substitution was efficient. According to the Swedish Transport Agency report, Swedish State Railways (SJ) and bus companies managed to help some stranded passengers and deliver them to the places they needed. Still, it was impossible for them to replace the airline freights. All the countries reported that even the slightest help from alternative means of transport was visible, it was â€Å"hard to replace international air traffic with buses and even harder to substitute trains, because they are not coordinated internationally† (Skoglund, 2010, p. 47). In conclusion, the means of transport different from airlines were considered as the rescue ones when Eyjafjallajokull volcano erupted. The types of alternative transportation services got ad ditional revenue and only benefited from the situation. At the same time, surface transportation services also suffered great expenses in case when they depended on the air transportation. Thus, the situation in the sphere of surface transportation was rather doubtful, on the one hand, people were given an opportunity to use alternative means of transport and reach the places of their final destination having increased the revenues in the sphere, but on the other hand, some surface transportation companies suffered costs if they depended on the airline delivery. Icelandic Volcano Eruptions Impact on Tourism Industry Iceland is one of the places which is considered to be the center of the international tourism. It is impossible to imagine the better place which combines cold temperature of the air and hot geysers. The country does not have the facilities for heavy industry, but has some specific conditions which increase the possibilities of tourism development. At the same time, it is impossible to state firmly whether the tourism industry was affected positively or negatively by the volcano eruptions. There are a number of reasons for this. The factors which positively influenced the tourism industry on the island due to Eyjafjallajokull volcano eruption were as follows. Firstly, the demand for hotel rooms increased. This was connected with the stranded passengers who had to stay on island. Secondly, people spent more days in Iceland that could not prevent them from attending different entertaining facilities and eating in different restaurants. Thirdly, the use of the surface transport in the country was inevitable that brought more profit to the national economy. The airspace was shut down for several days. This time was not enough to harm the industry greatly. Still, some negative effect was observed as well. The negative impact on the tourism industry in the country was reflected via the following factors. The tour operators, according to the terms of the ATOL regulations, had to provide the tourists with the alternative means of transport free of charge and to offer the would-be tourists other types of transportation suitable for them. This brought some additional costs which should be covered by the tour operators (Oakley-Smith, Rifkind, Cartwright, 2010). Apps (2010) in the report devoted to the economic impact of the volcano eruption in Iceland states that approximately 5% of gross global product accounts for tourism industry. This is about $3 trillion. It is obvious that not all this sum was lost, still, the industry expenses were about $5-10 billion dollars a week. Moreover, the environment problems which have appeared as the result of the eruptions cannot be eliminated too fast, so people would not like to go to the place where nothing is seen because of ash. Moreover, some vulcanologists warn that â€Å"the same thing could happen again for as long as the eruption under the glacier lasts, further threatening struggling fir ms† (Apps, 2010, par. 9). So, it may be concluded that tourism sector is the one which suffered less from the volcano eruptions in Iceland. It may be predicted that the next time people would like to visit his place for a number of reasons. Still, one of those reasons is going to be the desire to visit the place which managed to shake the whole international economy and stop the air flies for several days. Moreover, the Eyjafjallajokull volcano is going to become one more place of interest which is going to attract more people on the island. Influence of Iceland Volcano Eruptions on Export and Import International trade largely depends on rail, road, and sea freight rather than on air transportation. However, the Iceland volcanic disruption has caused serious adversities for international including flowers and foods transportation that heavily relies on air freights. In particular, export operations in Africa and the United Kingdom encounter serious problems due to air cancell ations. Japanese leading car manufacturer Nissan has to postpone the production because it has failed to ship car parts from the Irish Republic and other countries. Clouds of ash caused by the Iceland volcano eruptions have forced thousands of farmers near Equator strike and causing Kenya’s vegetable and flower industry a $ 3 million loss daily (Pflanz, 2010, p. 2). In general, more than $ 12 million has been lost due to incapability to deliver the products to the European market. Such losses provide significant damages to Kenyan economy because horticulture industry is one of the main sources of the country’s revenues. As a result, the bankruptcy of this production line can lead to the increase of unemployment rates and decrease of the country’s gross domestic product. Pflanz (2010) reports, â€Å"5000 farm workers across the industry were told to stat home on Monday as efforts were made to keep flowers and vegetable in the ground rather harvest them† (p . 2). While considering the transportation of fresh vegetables and fruits, the largest category involves leguminous vegetables, such as green pees and beans, and exotic fruits such as mangoes and melons (The Economic Impact of Air Travel Restrictions, 2010). The disruption of airline freights has a negative impact on just-in-time manufacturing. The problems of economical character have touched upon even developed countries such as Japan and the United Kingdom. In particular, Nissan, the leading car manufacturer in Japan, plans to cease the production due to the shortage of key engine controllers that are supplied by Hitachi. The production process and supply chain network was considerably disrupted by volcano eruptions in Iceland providing tangible reasons for economic problems in future (Wakabayashi and Takahashi, 2010). The problems with air freights have always been the main stumble blocks for supply chain management, but volcanism has aggravated the situation to a great extent. In addition, care manufacturing at BMW has also undergone temporary suspensions due to the shortage of pressure sensors that are supplied via air-freights (The Economic Impact of Air Travel Restrictions, 2010). Despite the fact that the production of the leading car industries has not been considerably disrupted by the ecological factors, the consequences of the volcanic eruptions still demonstrate the vital role airline in the international trade for global supply chain management. The ecological disaster has greatly affected the economy of the United Kingdom. In particular, the country will suffer from import shortages of exotic fresh food due to air flight cancellations. Due to the fact that Britain is one of the most developed economies in the world, the ash clouds caused by volcano eruptions in Iceland can considerably worsen the UK economic relationships not only with the Irish Republic, but also with other leading economies (Warner, 2010). Specifically, the disruption and air -flight cancellations threaten Britain’s successful economic activities. Their retail business encounters great losses as well because suppliers of fresh products could be affected and lead to more serious problems. A significant impact will be experienced by pharmaceutical companies because their transactions and transportations heavily rely on the airline sector (Apps, 2010). The least unaffected zone in this term is Asia and the United States whose relationships has not been worsened. The financial recessions can also spread over the economies of South America and Africa whose agricultural manufacturing can be suspended due to the transportation problems. According the report carried out by the Economic Impact of Air Travel Restrictions (2010), â€Å"†¦under $ 300 million of flowers were exported to the EU from Latin America by air in 2009, $ 21 million in April 2009 Alone, with most of this coming from Ecuador and Argentina†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 9). Like Kenya, these ec onomies also heavily rely on horticulture development, which greatly contributes to the economic growth because it affects all economic fields. Impact of Volcanic Eruption on Other Business Costs As it has mentioned previously, the international trade has been greatly affected by the environmental problems in Iceland. The shortages in import and export operations have provided additional expenditures for the elimination of the outcomes of air flight cancellations. In particular, the major attention is focused on the analysis of such areas as airmail, road and rail transportation systems, supply chain management reorganization, telecommunications, and environmental programs. Due to transport and freight limitations, the greatest businesses and economies are also under the threat of financial crisis. In particular, leading industries can lose money due to stranded staff, cancelled meetings, and air mail delays (The Economic Impact of Air Travel Restrictions, 2010). The closure and can cellation of major European air space leaves passengers stranded around the worlds and provides with not possibility for returning home. This is especially problematic when air flights are necessary for arranging business meetings and concluding important agreements. According to the Oxford Economics report (2010), â€Å"Europeans passenger â€Å"stranded days† totaled just less than 2.8 million days and that does not allow for the difficulties passengers are encountering getting home even one the majority of the airspace has reopened† (The Economic Impact of Air Travel Restrictions, 2010). Similar problem occurs of North American, US, Canadian, and Asian passengers. The aviation section has also encountered great financial losses. The estimation of the European commission has revealed that more than 1 million schedules passengers were daily affected during the period of volcanic eruptions. The total number of stranded passengers counted about 10 million, which conside rably influenced the economies and businesses of such leading countries as Great Britain, France, and Germany (Sokglund, 2010). The disruption caused by volcano ash clouds has led to the delay of airmail. Many airmail operations have been suspended or delayed for an uncertain period. In particular, the United Parcel Service and FedEx have also stopped their activities for an indefinite time. The problem is that the largest couriers companies such as DHL, and FedEx, and UPS use air hubs in Germany and France, which are closed now due to recent threat of volcanic eruptions (Apps, 2010). In this regard, the restrictions to air flights can influence the rearrangements of the routs. What is more problematic is that it can lead to the increase of gas prices and demand in crude and oil products (Norrington, 2010). The economic outcomes of the volcanic eruption in Iceland infuse the implementation of various environmental programs that are also followed by significant business costs (Sokglu nd, 2010). Additionally, substantial financial support is necessary for future actions and operations on the prediction and elimination of environmental problems. Impact of Volcanic Eruptions Economic Growth The general economic impact of the volcanic disruption is planned to the relatively minimal. Nevertheless, the suspension period of air transportation might have a detrimental influence on European countries and their economic development. The overall estimation of the consequences of volcanic eruptions for Icelandic economies and the global economy assumes that air transport and services has undergone the greatest losses. The ecological problem has also defined that this economic area is quite significant because it is closely intertwined with production, international trade, and business relations. What is more important is that air transportation system has become an inherent component of the modern economy. The volcano eruptions in Iceland have contributed to financial crisi s of a 2008-2010 period. In particular, this environmental problem has negatively affected the stability of supply chain operations being the basis for business transactions. According to Levinson (2010), â€Å"[d]elays are much more frequent. Even with reduced demand in the current situation, we’ve got missed schedules, missed deliveries, and that has a cost for shippers† (p. 14). In addition, there is a decrease in economies of scale that are dependent on the efficient of air transportation system. The emerging restrictions to air freights and transportation have led to the necessity to increase expenses on fuel energy. However, this problem is less serious in comparison with the costs related with environmental programs at ports that have acquired great significance. Insufficient flexibility of port shipping operations can negatively influence the supply chain systems established in Europe and the United Stated. In addition, the problem of railroad transportation ha s also become urgent because this sphere lacks flexibility and efficiency in comparison with freights carried out via airlines (Levinson, 2010, p. 14). Such contingencies and inconveniences can lead to considerable changes for geographic location of manufacturing. The leading international producers are now developing alternative ways for delivering their products in a timely manner and preventing the economic recession of their businesses. In particular, they are searching for more innovative approaches to lessen their supply chains by moving their production back to their countries. Levinson (2010) emphasizes that â€Å"manufacturers whose supply chains were disrupted will have to decide whether Eyjafioell caused one-time losses or is the harbinger of things to come† (p. 14). Interpreting this, the problem of time-sensitive good would be at issue due to the problems with air transportation. Despite the negative outcomes of Icelandic volcano eruptions, some business areas of the countries have undergone considerable economic growth. This specifically concerns hotel industries and land transportation due to high demand in hotel rooms. Considering future perspective in economics, environmental issues require the deepest consideration. In this respect, International Volcanic Ahs Task Force and ICAO has put forward steps that should be taken at the international level. The agreement stipulates the necessity to take measures and procedures for coping with volcanic ash and this initiative will become the basic framework for implementing those measures at regional level as well. The main scope of agreement consists in introducing consistent and fundamental improvements to predicting the foci of volcanic ash. Other objectives involve alterations in fly and flight conducts where responsibility is to be shifted to the airline operators (The Keilir Aviation Academy Conference, 2010, p. 4). This procedure will be accomplished in a rigidly regulated environment whe re the risk management and assessment of all operations will be carefully carried out and approved by the pertinent aviation authority. All measures and procedures will be approved and testified by the European Commission that plans to conduct researchers and collect necessary information, including satellite images, and other appropriate date connected with volcanic ash contamination (The Keilir Aviation Academy Conference, 2010, p. 5). Conclusion The volcanic eruptions have radically changed the image of international economy. The Icelandic volcano eruptions have specifically altered the airline transportation sector and redirect the focus on other types of transportation. Such areas as tourism, business, export and import have also undergone significant changes. However, the current ecological situation has provided the necessity to introduce solutions which will be closely connected with the above-enumerated fields. The greatest shifts have appeared in the airline sector whose i ndustries have been considerably aggravated due to the shortage of air flights. Numerous businesses and economies blame airline in their financial losses. Specifically, significant losses were encountered by African importers for whom this is the main source of country’s revenues. Other developing countries from South American have also experienced the outcomes of volcano eruptions in Iceland. Apart from this, the leading economies of the world have also faced significant challenges. Particularly, Japan and the United Kingdom has been forced to changes their economic and financial strategies to eliminate serious financial losses. A matter of timing and delivery, therefore, has acquired a great importance for the international trade. The tourism sector is not considerably affected by the volcanic eruptions in Iceland. Despite the fact the tourism industries has suffered some financial losses, still the stranded passengers being unable to return home will have to spend money an d this can compensate those losses. If the disruption suspends for a longer period of time, it could have much serious outcomes for this economic sector. A significant change has occurred to the international trade trends, specifically to supply chain management. The leading just-in-time producers will have to alter their orientation and move their operations back to their countries. A specific focus will now be made on rail and road transportation that greatly benefits from recent volcano eruptions in Iceland. With regard to the presented problem, serious measures and programs should be introduced to minimize the negative outcomes of this ecological problem. It should be stressed that researchers in this field should be dedicated to the analysis of environmental issues. In addition, little research has been done on tourism, business costs, and economic perspectives. Therefore, these areas should also be regarded more carefully. Reference List Apps,  P.  (2010).  Economy  im pact  to  rise  sharply  if  ash  lingers.  Reuters.  Retrieved from  http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63I0Q120100419?pageNumber=1 Levinson,  M.  (2010).  Of  volcanoes  and  supply  chains.  Industrial  Engineer.  42(6), 14. Mazzocchi, M., Hansstein, F., Ragona, M. (2010). The 2010 Volcanic Ash Cloud and Its Financial Impact on The European Airline Industry. CESifo Forum, 2, 92-100. Norrignton,  B.  (2010).  Financial  and  Physical  Fallout  from  Iceland  Volcanic  Ash.  US  Santa  Barbara  Department  of  Geography.  Retrieved  from  http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/events/department-news/699/financial-and-physical-fallout-from-iceland-s-volcanic-ash/ Oakley-Smith, I., Rifkind, C., Cartwright, B. (2010, May). After the dust has settled†¦ Financial fallout from the Icelandic volcano. Hospitality and Leisure: Hospitality Directions Europe Client Briefing. PriceWatrHouseCoopers. Pflanz,  M.  (2010, April 19). How the  Iceland  volcano  ash  cloud  is crippling  Kenya’s flower industry. Christian  Science  Monitor, p.  N.PAG Skoglund,  J.M.  (2010). Aviation Trends: Statistics, analysis and information from the Swedish transport agency. Swedish Transport Agency. Retrieved from: http://www.transportstyrelsen.se/Global/Luftfart/Marknad_och_omvarld/aviationtrends_2010_web.pdf The Economic Impacts of Air Travel Restrictions Due to Volcanic Ash. (2010). Oxford Economics. Retrieved from: http://www.oef.com/free/pdfs/volcanicupdate.pdf The  Keilir  Aviation  Academy  Conference  (2010).  Ã‚  Atlantic  Conference  on Eyjafjallajokull  and  Aviation  15-16  September,  Keflavik  Airport,  Iceland. Retrieved  from  http://en.keilir.net/static/files/Aviation/PDF/Summary_Keilir_Aviaition%20Conference.pdf Wakabayashi,  D.  Ã‚  Takahashi,  Y.  (2010).  Nissan  Hitch  Has  Swiss  Roots.  The  Wall Street  J ournal.  Retrieved  from:  http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704518904575365992734684322.html Warner,  J.  (2010).  Iceland’s  Eyjafjallajà ¶kull  visits  volcanic  revenge  on  Britain.  The Telegraph.  Retrieved  from  http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jeremywarner/100004934/icelands-eyjafjallajokull-visits-volcanic-revenge-on-britain/ This term paper on The Economic Impact of the Icelandic Volcano Eruptions on the International Economy was written and submitted by user Adrien Mcmahon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.